Multi-Incidence Holographic Profilometry for Large Gradient Surfaces with Sub-Micron Focusing Accuracy

Author(s):

Idicula, Moncy Sajeev; Kozacki, Tomasz; Józwik, Michal; Mitura, Patryk; Martinez-Carranza, Juan & Choo, Hyon-Gon

Abstract:

“Surface reconstruction for micro-samples with large discontinuities using digital holography is a challenge. To overcome this problem, multi-incidence digital holographic profilometry (MIDHP) has been proposed. MIDHP relies on the numerical generation of the longitudinal scanning function (LSF) for reconstructing the topography of the sample with large depth and high axial resolution. Nevertheless, the method is unable to reconstruct surfaces with large gradients due to the need of: (i) high precision focusing that manual adjustment cannot fulfill and (ii) preserving the functionality of the LSF that requires capturing and processing many digital holograms. In this work, we propose a novel MIDHP method to solve these limitations. First, an autofocusing algorithm based on the comparison of shapes obtained by the LSF and the thin tilted element approximation is proposed. It is proven that this autofocusing algorithm is capable to deliver in-focus plane localization with submicron resolution. Second, we propose that wavefield summation for the generation of the LSF is carried out in Fourier space. It is shown that this scheme enables a significant reduction of arithmetic operations and can minimize the number of Fourier transforms needed. Hence, a fast generation of the LSF is possible without compromising its accuracy. The functionality of MIDHP for measuring surfaces with large gradients is supported by numerical and experimental results”

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Publication: Sensors
Issue/Year: Sensors, Volume 22; Number 1; Pages 214; 2021
DOI: 10.3390/s22010214

Fast 3D Content Update for Wide-Angle Holographic Near-Eye Display

Author(s):

Rafał Kukołowicz; Chlipala, Maksymilian; Martinez-Carranza, Juan; Idicula, Moncy Sajeev & Kozacki, Tomasz

Abstract:

“Near-eye holographic displays are the holy grail of wear-on 3D display devices because they are intended to project realistic wide-angle virtual scenes with parameters matching human vision. One of the key features of a realistic perspective is the ability to move freely around the virtual scene. This can be achieved by addressing the display with wide-angle computer-generated holograms (CGHs) that enable continuous viewpoint change. However, to the best of our knowledge there is no technique able to generate these types of content. Thus, in this work we propose an accurate and non-paraxial hologram update method for wide-angle CGHs that supports continuous viewpoint change around the scene. This method is based on the assumption that with a small change in perspective, two consecutive holograms share overlapping data. This enables reusing the corresponding part of the information from the previous view, eliminating the need to generate an entirely new hologram. Holographic information for the next viewpoint is calculated in two steps: first, a tool approximating the Angular Spectrum Propagation is proposed to generate the hologram data from previous viewpoint; and second, the efficient Phase Added Stereogram algorithm is utilized for generating the missing hologram content. This methodology offers fast and accurate calculations at the same time. Numerical and optical experiments are carried out to support the results of the proposed method.”

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Publication: Applied Sciences
Issue/Year: Applied Sciences, Volume 12; Number 1; Pages 293; 2021
DOI: 10.3390/app12010293

Coded aperture correlation holography (COACH) with a superior lateral resolution of FINCH and axial resolution of conventional direct imaging systems

Author(s):

Bulbul, Angika; Hai, Nathaniel & Rosen, Joseph

Abstract:

“Fresnel incoherent correlation holography (FINCH) is a self-interference incoherent digital holography technique. It possesses a higher lateral resolution than an equivalent incoherent imaging system. However, FINCH has lower axial resolution than the direct imaging systems with the same numerical aperture. A decade after the FINCH invention, a different incoherent holographic method named coded aperture correlation holography (COACH) was developed with improved axial resolution but with the same lateral resolution as direct imaging. In this study, we propose and demonstrate a variant of COACH called coded aperture with FINCH intensity responses (CAFIR) with an improved lateral resolution that is similar to the FINCH system while maintaining its high axial resolution similar to the direct imaging system. CAFIR is implemented with coded phase masks to generate an ensemble of quasi-randomly distributed FINCH-like responses. Point spread holograms and object holograms are recorded under identical conditions, and they are cross-correlated to obtain the image reconstruction. Imaging of a multiplane object is studied to compare the axial resolution of CAFIR with FINCH and direct imaging systems.”

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Publication: Optics Express
Issue/Year: Optics Express, Volume 29; Number 25; Pages 42106; 2021
DOI: 10.1364/oe.446945

Faster generation of holographic video of 3-D scenes with a Fourier spectrum-based NLUT method

Author(s):

Cao, Hongkun; Jin, Xin; Ai, Lingyu & Kim, Eun-Soo

Abstract:

“In this article, a new type of Fourier spectrum-based novel look-up table (FS-NLUT) method is proposed for the faster generation of holographic video of three-dimensional (3-D) scenes. This proposed FS-NLUT method consists of principal frequency spectrums (PFSs) which are much smaller in size than the principal fringe patterns (PFPs) found in the conventional NLUT-based methods. This difference in size allows for the number of basic algebraic operations in the hologram generation process to be reduced significantly. In addition, the fully one-dimensional (1-D) calculation framework of the proposed method also allows for a significant reduction of overall hologram calculation time. In the experiments, the total number of basic algebraic operations needed for the proposed FS-NLUT method were found to be reduced by 81.23% when compared with that of the conventional 1-D NLUT method. In addition, the hologram calculation times of the proposed method, when implemented in the CPU and the GPU, were also found to be 60% and 66% faster than that of the conventional 1-D NLUT method, respectively. It was also confirmed that the proposed method implemented with two GPUs can generate a holographic video of a test 3-D scene in real-time (>24f/s).”

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Publication: Optics Express
Issue/Year: Optics Express, Volume 29; Number 24; Pages 39738; 2021
DOI: 10.1364/oe.442267

Unfiltered holography: optimizing high diffraction orders without optical filtering for compact holographic displays

Author(s):

Gopakumar, Manu; Kim, Jonghyun; Choi, Suyeon; Peng, Yifan & Wetzstein, Gordon

Abstract:

“Computer-generated holography suffers from high diffraction orders (HDOs) created from pixelated spatial light modulators, which must be optically filtered using bulky optics. Here, we develop an algorithmic framework for optimizing HDOs without optical filtering to enable compact holographic displays. We devise a wave propagation model of HDOs and use it to optimize phase patterns, which allows HDOs to contribute to forming the image instead of creating artifacts. The proposed method significantly outperforms previous algorithms in an unfiltered holographic display prototype.”

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Publication: Optics Letters
Issue/Year: Optics Letters, Volume 46; Number 23; Pages 5822; 2021
DOI: 10.1364/ol.442851

Speckle-free holography with partially coherent light sources and camera-in-the-loop calibration

Author(s):

Peng, Yifan; Choi, Suyeon; Kim, Jonghyun & Wetzstein, Gordon

Abstract:

“Computer-generated holography (CGH) holds transformative potential for a wide range of applications, including direct-view, virtual and augmented reality, and automotive display systems. While research on holographic displays has recently made impressive progress, image quality and eye safety of holographic displays are fundamentally limited by the speckle introduced by coherent light sources. Here, we develop an approach to CGH using partially coherent sources. For this purpose, we devise a wave propagation model for partially coherent light that is demonstrated in conjunction with a camera-in-the-loop calibration strategy. We evaluate this algorithm using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and superluminescent LEDs (SLEDs) and demonstrate improved speckle characteristics of the resulting holograms compared with coherent lasers. SLEDs in particular are demonstrated to be promising light sources for holographic display applications, because of their potential to generate sharp and high-contrast two-dimensional (2D) and 3D images that are bright, eye safe, and almost free of speckle.”

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Publication: Science Advances
Issue/Year: Science Advances, Volume 7; Number 46; 2021
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg5040

Comparison of state-of-the-art Computer Generated Holography algorithms and a machine learning approach

Author(s):

Madsen, Andreas Erik Gejl; Eriksen, René Lynge & Glückstad, Jesper

Abstract:

“This work studies the use of machine learning and, in particular, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to generate digital holograms and how such a network compares to state-of-the-art iterative methods, both in terms of reconstruction quality and computation time. Since CNNs only require a single pass through the network by a target image to generate a result, and not tens or hundreds of expensive iterations as in the iterative methods, they may be able to accomplish real-time hologram generation; an ability that could open the technology to proper commercial use.

In this work, a CNN built on the UNet architecture, capable of hologram generation, is presented. The network is trained on 4096 images of varying spatial frequencies, both user-generated and from the DIV2K dataset. It is compared to the most common iterative method for hologram generation, namely the Gerchberg–Saxton(GS) algorithm and its modern and improved implementations. In reconstruction quality, the neural network outperforms the original implementation of GS when evaluating Mean Square Error (MSE), geometric error (GE), Structural Similarity Index Measurement (SSIM), and Peak Signal-Noise Ratio (PSNR) of 64 unseen test images. However, on the same test images, the network lacks behind the modern, optimized GS implementations in all error and accuracy measurements. The network does, however, achieve these results at a rate 70–280 times faster than the iterative methods, depending on the particular implementation of the GS algorithm, which corresponds to a possible generation rate of the network of 32 FPS on average.”

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Publication: Optics Communications
Issue/Year: Optics Communications, Pages 127590; 2021
DOI: 10.1016/j.optcom.2021.127590

Acceleration of polygon-based computer-generated holograms using look-up tables and reduction of the table size via principal component analysis

Author(s):

Wang, Fan; Shimobaba, Tomoyoshi; Zhang, Yaping; Kakue, Takashi & Ito, Tomoyoshi

Abstract:

“In this study, we first analyze the fully analytical frequency spectrum solving method based on three-dimensional affine transform. Thus, we establish a new method for combining look-up tables (LUTs) with polygon holography. The proposed method was implemented and proved to be accelerated about twice compared to the existing methods. In addition, principal component analysis was used to compress the LUTs, effectively reducing the required memory without artifacts. Finally, we calculated very complex objects on a graphics processing unit using the proposed method, and the calculation speed was higher than that of existing polygon-based methods.”

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Publication: Optics Express
Issue/Year: Optics Express, Volume 29; Number 22; Pages 35442; 2021
DOI: 10.1364/oe.435966

Hologram computation using the radial point spread function

Author(s):

Yasuki, Daiki; Shimobaba, Tomoyoshi; Makowski, Michal; Suszek, Jaroslaw; Kakue, Takashi & Ito, Tomoyoshi

Abstract:

“Holograms are computed by superimposing point spread functions (PSFs), which represent the distribution of light on the hologram plane. The computational cost and the spatial bandwidth product required to generate holograms are significant; therefore, it is challenging to compute high-resolution holograms at the rates required for videos. Among the possible displays, fixed-eye-position holographic displays, such as holographic head-mounted displays, reduce the spatial bandwidth product by fixing eye positions while satisfying almost all human depth cues. In eye-fixed holograms, by calculating a part distribution of the entire PSF, we observe reconstructed images that maintain the image quality and the depth of focus almost as high as those generated by the entire PSF. In this study, we accelerate the calculation of eye-fixed holograms by engineering the PSFs. We propose cross and radial PSFs, and we determine that, out of the two, the radial PSFs have a better image quality. By combining the look-up table method and the wavefront-recording plane method with radial PSFs, we show that the proposed method can rapidly compute holograms.”

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Publication: Applied Optics
Issue/Year: Applied Optics, Volume 60; Number 28; Pages 8829; 2021
DOI: 10.1364/ao.437777

Fast calculation of computer generated hologram based on single Fourier transform for holographic three-dimensional display

Author(s):

Chang, Chenliang; Zhu, Dongchen; Li, Jiamao; Wang, Di; Xia, Jun & Zhang, Xiaolin

Abstract:

“We present an efficient method for the fast calculation of computer generated hologram (CGH). The 3D object is split into sub-layers according to its depth information. A 2D all-in-focus image is generated by sequential tiling all the layers in one plane. A Fourier hologram that contains all the information of 3D object is calculated from the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the reassembled 2D image. By multiplying a pre-calculated multifocal off-axis digital phase mask (DPM) to the Fourier hologram, the content of each layer is axially relocated to different depth in the Fourier transform optical system to reconstruct the 3D object. The computation speed of the proposed method is greatly improved with only single FFT calculation process. Both of simulation and experimental results proves the validation of the proposed method.”

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Publication: Displays
Issue/Year: Displays, Volume 69; Pages 102064; 2021
DOI: 10.1016/j.displa.2021.102064
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