Polarization-referenced phase modulation for encoding and detection of structured singular beams

In real-world scenarios of optical information encoding systems, accurate retrieval of optical information can be challenging due to noise, environmental fluctuations, and system misalignment. As a potential solution, we propose a novel two-dimensional Polarization-referenced phase modulation (PRPM) that allows robust retrieval of encoded information under real-world conditions. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed modulation technique for singularity detection against turbulence and speckle noise conditions during propagation.