Comparison of state-of-the-art Computer Generated Holography algorithms and a machine learning approach

Author(s):

Abstract:

“This work studies the use of machine learning and, in particular, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to generate digital holograms and how such a network compares to state-of-the-art iterative methods, both in terms of reconstruction quality and computation time. Since CNNs only require a single pass through the network by a target image to generate a result, and not tens or hundreds of expensive iterations as in the iterative methods, they may be able to accomplish real-time hologram generation; an ability that could open the technology to proper commercial use.

In this work, a CNN built on the UNet architecture, capable of hologram generation, is presented. The network is trained on 4096 images of varying spatial frequencies, both user-generated and from the DIV2K dataset. It is compared to the most common iterative method for hologram generation, namely the Gerchberg–Saxton(GS) algorithm and its modern and improved implementations. In reconstruction quality, the neural network outperforms the original implementation of GS when evaluating Mean Square Error (MSE), geometric error (GE), Structural Similarity Index Measurement (SSIM), and Peak Signal-Noise Ratio (PSNR) of 64 unseen test images. However, on the same test images, the network lacks behind the modern, optimized GS implementations in all error and accuracy measurements. The network does, however, achieve these results at a rate 70–280 times faster than the iterative methods, depending on the particular implementation of the GS algorithm, which corresponds to a possible generation rate of the network of 32 FPS on average.”

Publication: Optics Communications
Issue/Year: Optics Communications, Pages 127590; 2021
DOI: 10.1016/j.optcom.2021.127590

Fast calculation of computer generated hologram based on single Fourier transform for holographic three-dimensional display

Author(s):

Chang, Chenliang; Zhu, Dongchen; Li, Jiamao; Wang, Di; Xia, Jun & Zhang, Xiaolin

Abstract:

“We present an efficient method for the fast calculation of computer generated hologram (CGH). The 3D object is split into sub-layers according to its depth information. A 2D all-in-focus image is generated by sequential tiling all the layers in one plane. A Fourier hologram that contains all the information of 3D object is calculated from the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the reassembled 2D image. By multiplying a pre-calculated multifocal off-axis digital phase mask (DPM) to the Fourier hologram, the content of each layer is axially relocated to different depth in the Fourier transform optical system to reconstruct the 3D object. The computation speed of the proposed method is greatly improved with only single FFT calculation process. Both of simulation and experimental results proves the validation of the proposed method.”

Publication: Displays
Issue/Year: Displays, Volume 69; Pages 102064; 2021
DOI: 10.1016/j.displa.2021.102064

Recognizing fractional orbital angular momentum using feed forward neural network

Author(s):

Jing, Guoqing; Chen, Lizhen; Wang, Peipei; Xiong, Wenjie; Huang, Zebin; Liu, Junmin; Chen, Yu; Li, Ying; Fan, Dianyuan & Chen, Shuqing

Abstract:

“Fractional vortex beam (FVB) possessing helical phase can be applied in the shift-keying communication due to its fractional orbital angular momentum (FOAM) mode, which theoretically allows an infinite increase of the transmitted capacity. However, the discontinuity of spiral phase makes FVB more likely to be disturbed in turbulence environment, and the precise measurement of distorted FOAM modes is crucial for practical FOAM-based communication application. Here, we proposed a FOAM mode recognition method with feedforward neural network (FNN). Employing the diffraction preprocessing of a two-dimensional fork grating, the original optical features of FVBs can be extended along the far-field diffraction order, endowing FNN more feature information and saving calculation time, and enlarging the detection range to conjugate FOAM modes. The simulation results show that the 9-layer FNN can identify FOAM mode with interval of 0.1 with an accuracy of 99.1% under the turbulences of

${C}_{n}^{2}=1×{10}^{–14}{m}^{–2/3}$

and Δz=10m. Furthermore, we experimentally constructed a 102-ary FOAM shift-keying communication link to transmit gray image, and the signals are successfully demodulated by the FNN model with the pixel-error-rate of 0.07160. It is anticipated that the proposed FNN-based FOAM recognition method will break the limitation of precision measurement under turbulence environment in practical FOAM applications.”

Publication: Results in Physics
Issue/Year: Results in Physics, Volume 28; Pages 104619; 2021
DOI: 10.1016/j.rinp.2021.104619

Experimental investigation in Airy transform of Gaussian beams with optical vortex

Author(s):

Xu, Yi-Qing; Li, Xia; Zhou, Lu; Zhou, Yi-Min; Wang, Fei & Zhou, Guo-Quan

Abstract:

“The Airy transform was first introduced for a Gaussian beam, and the output beam is an Airy beam. When the Gaussian beam is extended to the Gaussian beam with optical vortex, what kind of output beam will be achieved by executing the Airy transformation. Therefore, the experimental research on Airy transformation of a Gaussian beam with optical vortex is carried out, including the generation of Gaussian beams with optical vortex, the realization of Airy transform, and the related measurements of the output beams. The phase pattern is indirect measured and is recovered from the intensity pattern which is the interference result of a plane wave and the output beam. The experimental measurement results of the light intensity and the phase patterns of transformed Gaussian beams with the optical vortex are consistent with the corresponding numerical simulation results.

Based on the first and the second moments of light intensity, the centroid and the beam size are measured. According to the hyperbolic law of the beam width along the axial propagation distance, the propagation factor of the output beam is measured. The influences of the Airy coefficients and the topological charge on the intensity pattern, the phase pattern, the centroid, the beam size, and the propagation factor of transformed Gaussian beams with optical vortex are experimentally investigated, respectively. The intensity pattern, the phase pattern, the centroid, the beam size, and the propagation factor of a transformed Gaussian beam with optical vortex are also compared with those of the corresponding transformed Gaussian vortex beam. This experiment fully proves the effect of the optical vortex on the Airy transformation of Gaussian beams. Meanwhile, this study offers an optional method to generate Airy-like beams from Gaussian beams with optical vortex, which is beneficial to the applications of Gaussian beams with optical vortex.”

Publication: Results in Physics
Issue/Year: Results in Physics, Volume 28; Pages 104588; 2021
DOI: 10.1016/j.rinp.2021.104588

Representation of total angular momentum states of beams through a four-parameter notation

Author(s):

Fu, Shiyao; Hai, Lan; Song, Rui; Gao, Chunqing & Zhang, Xiangdong

Abstract:

“It has been confirmed beams carrying total angular momentums (TAMs) that consist of spin angular momentums (SAMs) and orbital angular momentums (OAMs) are widely used in classical and quantum optics. Here we propose and demonstrate a new kind of representation consisting of four real numbers to describe the TAM states of arbitrary beams. It is shown that any homogeneous polarization, scalar vortices and complex vectorial vortex field, all of which result from the TAMs of photons, can be well represented conveniently using our proposed four-parameter representation. Furthermore, the proposed representation can also reveal the internal change of TAMs as the conversion between SAMs and OAMs. The salient properties of the proposed representation is to give a universal form of TAMs associated with complicated polarizations and more exotic vectorial vortex beams, which offer an important basis for the future applications”

Publication: New Journal of Physics
Issue/Year: New Journal of Physics, Volume 23; Number 8; Pages 083015; 2021
DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/ac1695

Optically Manipulated Microtools to Measure Adhesion of the Nanoparticle-Targeting Ligand Glutathione to Brain Endothelial Cells

Author(s):

Tamás Fekete, Mária Mészáros, Zsolt Szegletes, Gaszton Vizsnyiczai, László Zimányi, Mária A. Deli, Szilvia Veszelka*, and Lóránd Kelemen

Abstract:

“Targeting nanoparticles as drug delivery platforms is crucial to facilitate their cellular entry. Docking of nanoparticles by targeting ligands on cell membranes is the first step for the initiation of cellular uptake. As a model system, we studied brain microvascular endothelial cells, which form the anatomical basis of the blood–brain barrier, and the tripeptide glutathione, one of the most effective targeting ligands of nanoparticles to cross the blood–brain barrier. To investigate this initial docking step between glutathione and the membrane of living brain endothelial cells, we applied our recently developed innovative optical method. We present a microtool, with a task-specific geometry used as a probe, actuated by multifocus optical tweezers to characterize the adhesion probability and strength of glutathione-coated surfaces to the cell membrane of endothelial cells. The binding probability of the glutathione-coated surface and the adhesion force between the microtool and cell membrane was measured in a novel arrangement: cells were cultured on a vertical polymer wall and the mechanical forces were generated laterally and at the same time, perpendicularly to the plasma membrane. The adhesion force values were also determined with more conventional atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements using functionalized colloidal probes. The optical trapping-based method was found to be suitable to measure very low adhesion forces (≤ 20 pN) without a high level of noise, which is characteristic for AFM measurements in this range. The holographic optical tweezers-directed functionalized microtools may help characterize the adhesion step of nanoparticles initiating transcytosis and select ligands to target nanoparticles.”

Publication: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
Issue/Year: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Volume 13; Number 33; Pages 39018–39029; 2021
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08454

Focusing light into scattering media with ultrasound-induced field perturbation

Author(s):

Cheng, Zhongtao & Wang, Lihong V.

Abstract:

“Focusing light into scattering media, although challenging, is highly desirable in many realms. With the invention of time-reversed ultrasonically encoded (TRUE) optical focusing, acousto-optic modulation was demonstrated as a promising guidestar mechanism for achieving noninvasive and addressable optical focusing into scattering media. Here, we report a new ultrasound-assisted technique, ultrasound-induced field perturbation optical focusing, abbreviated as UFP. Unlike in conventional TRUE optical focusing, where only the weak frequency-shifted first-order diffracted photons due to acousto-optic modulation are useful, here UFP leverages the brighter zeroth-order photons diffracted by an ultrasonic guidestar as information carriers to guide optical focusing. We find that the zeroth-order diffracted photons, although not frequency-shifted, do have a field perturbation caused by the existence of the ultrasonic guidestar. By detecting and time-reversing the differential field of the frequency-unshifted photons when the ultrasound is alternately ON and OFF, we can focus light to the position where the field perturbation occurs inside the scattering medium. We demonstrate here that UFP optical focusing has superior performance to conventional TRUE optical focusing, which benefits from the more intense zeroth-order photons. We further show that UFP optical focusing can be easily and flexibly developed into double-shot realization or even single-shot realization, which is desirable for high-speed wavefront shaping. This new method upsets conventional thinking on the utility of an ultrasonic guidestar and broadens the horizon of light control in scattering media. We hope that it provides a more efficient and flexible mechanism for implementing ultrasound-guided wavefront shaping.”

Publication: Light: Science {&} Applications
Issue/Year: Light: Science {&} Applications, Volume 10; Number 1; 2021
DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00605-7

Singular Warped Beams Controlled by Tangent Phase Modulation

Author(s):

Funes, Gustavo; Peters, Eduardo & Anguita, Jaime

Abstract:

“We analyze the effect of spatial phase modulation using non-linear functions applied to singular warped beams to control their topological states and intensity distribution. Such beams are candidates for optical trapping and particle manipulation for their controllable pattern of intensities and singularities. We first simulate several kinds of warped beams to analyze their intensity profiles and propagation characteristics. Secondly, we experimentally validate the simulations and investigate the far-field profiles. By calculating the intensity gradients, we describe how these beams are qualified candidates for optical manipulation and trapping.”

Publication: Photonics
Issue/Year: Photonics, Volume 8; Number 8; Pages 343; 2021
DOI: 10.3390/photonics8080343

25D microscopy with polarization independent SLM for enhanced detection efficiency and aberration correction

Author(s):

Ren, Jinhan & Han, Kyu Young

Abstract:

“Fast, volumetric imaging by fluorescence microscopy is essential in studying bi-ological phenomena and cellular functions. Recently, single-shot 2.5D microscopy showedpromising results for high-throughput quantitative subcellular analysis via extended depth offield imaging without sequentialz-scanning; however, the detection efficiency was limited and itlacked depth-induced aberration correction. Here we report that a spatial light modulator (SLM)in a polarization insensitive configuration can significantly improve the detection efficiency of2.5D microscopy, while also compensating for aberrations at large imaging depths caused bythe refractive index mismatch between the sample and the immersion medium. We highlightthe improved efficiency via quantitative single-molecule RNA imaging of mammalian cellswith a 2-fold improvement in the fluorescence intensity compared to a conventional SLM-basedmicroscopy. We demonstrate the aberration correction capabilities and extended depth of field byimaging thick specimens with fewerz-scanning steps.”

Publication: Optics Express
Issue/Year: Optics Express, Volume 29; Number 17; Pages 27530; 2021
DOI: 10.1364/oe.434260

Manipulating aqueous droplets by light-induced virtual electrodes

Author(s):

Zamboni, Riccardo; Imbrock, Jörg & Denz, Cornelia

Abstract:

“The precise spatio-temporal manipulation of droplets is fundamental for many lab-on-a-chip systems with applications in biology, healthcare and chemistry. Different approaches have been investigated, including thermal, chemical and electrical methodologies. Among this latter, electrophoresis (EP) and dielectrophoresis (DEP) play a key role, since they are highly compatible with microfluidic systems and provide sufficiently strong forces to control up to microliter volume aqueous droplets. However, EP and DEP techniques typically require the presence of metallic electrodes to create the desired electric fields, making these approaches less flexible and efficient than those exploiting pure optical techniques. Iron-doped lithium niobate (LiNbO3:Fe) allows for the generation of strong electric field modulation due to an inhomogenous illumination, thanks to its photovoltaic properties. These photoinduced fields interact as EP and DEP forces with microdroplets, while guaranteeing the flexibility provided by optical field-based modulation. Indeed, the combination with well-known techniques to control and modulate light fields can be exploited to generate virtual electrodes on the material, achieving reliable as well as flexible devices for water droplets control. In our approach, the photoinduced fields generated by the complex illumination of LiNbO3:Fe are exploited to control motion and trajectory of water droplets inside microfluidic channel. Moreover, the crystal is integrated in standard droplet microfluidic polymeric device, substituting the usual glass substrate and, thus without hindering the portability. This feature combined with the control of positions of aqueous droplets represents a key tool for several applications of customized lab-on-a-chip systems, highlighting the capabilities of LinbO3:Fe-based virtual electrodes.”